The antiviral and antibacterial effects of AntiBac(Vir), together with its prophylactic effects on several other diseases, with particular emphasis on digestive and biliary problems
Garlic (Allium sativum)
contributes to maintaining intestinal microbiological balance and protection against harmful bacteria and microorganisms
- Computer modelling has shown that alliin, allicin and quercetin present in garlic inhibit the coronavirus protease enzyme and spike protein of the Sars‑Cov‑2 coronavirusB11, thus they may theoretically be effective against the spread of the virusB6. The anti coronavirus effect might also be due in part to the fact that the compounds of garlic inhibit the production and secretion of inflammatory cytokinesB12. The antiviral effect of the compounds in garlic has been demonstrated against several viruses that cause diseases in humans (e.g. adenoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza viruses herpesviruses, rhinoviruses)B2.
- The severity of the infection caused by the 2019 coronavirus (COVID‑19) varies within a wide range, from an asymptomatic course of the disease to the development of a severe acute respiratory infection. A fever, a dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle pain, fatigue, the loss of appetite, disturbances in smell and taste are the most common general symptoms. This condition is characterized by a reduction in the number of immune cells and an increase of inflammatory cytokines. The compounds in Allium sativum (garlic) are capable of diminishing the impact of inflammatory cytokines and bringing immunological disorders to a more acceptable level. Allium sativum is a beneficial preventive measure prior to SARS‑CoV‑2 infection. Allium sativum is a functional food that is well known for its immunological, anti pathogenic, anti inflammatory, antimutagenic and antineoplastic qualities. Its antiviral effect has also been proven. Certain parts of this plant have been found to be effective against unicellular parasites. It appears to restore most of the immune system disfunctions observed in patients with COVID‑19 infection. In conclusion, it can be stated that Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID‑19 infection by boosting immune system cells and suppressing the production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and the inflammatory adipose derived leptin hormoneB12.
King Of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata)
supports the body’s natural defences, especially in the upper respiratory tract
- Computer modelling has shown that the andrographolide of the king of bitters plant is able to bind to the protease of the Sars‑Cov‑2 virus, thereby inhibiting its growth.C15 C3 Andrographolide enhances T‑cell cytotoxicity, NK‑cell function, phagocytosis, and antibody‑dependent cellular cytotoxicity.C6 Through these bioactivities it is able to inhibit the growth of several viruses (hepatitis C and B, HIV, EBV, CHIKV)C2
- According to research in Thailand (not yet published as a scientific announcement), when administered to newly infected COV‑2 patients, Andrographis treatment managed to reduce certain symptoms typical for Covid‑19 (cough, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, runny nose).C7
- The anti‑inflammatory effects of the active agents of Andrographis (andrographolide, a diterpenoid) has been tested under various conditions, for example in cases of ischemia, pyrogenesis, arthritis, liver or nerve toxicity, malignancies and oxidative stress. It inhibits the growth of viruses and diseases caused by viruses.C6
Turmeric and black pepper (Curcuma longa and Piper nigrum)
supports the immune system, lung and respiratory tract health. It provides protection against allergies and has a significant antioxidant function
- Curcumin, the active substance in turmeric, displayed an antiviral effect against various viruses (hepatitis, Zika, Chikungunya, HIV, HPV, herpes and influenza viruses). In experiments it inhibited the growth of the SARS‑CoV corona virus (by inhibiting DNA polymerase and protein kinase)E5 E3. Furthermore, it modulates the inflammatory process triggered by the virus infection and by inhibiting ACE2, it impedes the entrance of the viruses into the cells. Through its immunomodulant and anti‑inflammatory effect, it can theoretically be useful in cases of cytokine storm and may reduce damage to the cells. Its impact on coagulation, theoretically, may also prove useful as in some Covid patients disseminated coagulation occurs.E3
Bile acids
reduce digestive and biliary complaints caused by bile deficiency thus significantly supporting the weakened immune system. They also neutralize endotoxins released from the necrosed cell walls of Gram negative bacteria that are the cause of numerous diseases. Bile acids inhibit the spread of several strains of viruses (influenza, corona, hepatitis, herpes/Epstein Barr, HIV, EBOLA) by preventing virions from biding to the membrane of host cells, thus impeding the production of viruses, but they also break down the virion host cell bond in viruses already produced.
- THE ROLE OF BILE ACIDS IN DIGESTION AND THE LACK OF THEM AFTER GALL BLADDER SURGERY (bile defficiency)
- If bile secretion, bile production or the enterohepatic circulation are insufficient (resulting in bile deficiency that occurs in 25% of people), then the breakdown and the digestion of fats will not take place properly and digestion will also be insufficient, which may be accompanied by constipation, bloating, malaise or diarrhoea and be the potential cause of other diseases. After cholecystectomy, storage function of the gall bladder is lost. The bile continuously trickles, so, if there is a higher demand for bile (when having a meal containing a larger amount of fat), there is not any bile to release because of the lack of the bladder. So, the fats are not completely digested (fat metabolism disorder), and when it is getting into the colon, the intestinal flora eliminates the indigestible parts along with gas formation, causing abdominal bloating, possibly diarrhoea. Occasionally occurring meal‑related bile deficiency, caused by gall bladder surgery, can favourably influenced by administration of bile acids.
- NATURAL IMMUNITY. „The Role of Bile Acids in Physico Chemical Host Defence”F14 F43 Bile acids regulate immunity, according to the latest international research, immunity depends on bile acids. „The important effect of bile acids, what we have discovered (since then others have confirmed the results of our studies) is the special protection of the human body, expressing itself in the bowel system. We have been inspired by the in vitro experiments of an American research group, which observed that the treatment of endotoxin with a bile acid, sodium deoxycholate, resulted in the production of small atoxic units. On the basis of these findings, we considered the possibility that bile acids may play an important role in vivo in the detoxification of endotoxin. Bacterial endotoxin chemically is a lipopolysaccharide molecule, in which the toxic moiety has been identified as the lipid portion‑rich in fatty acids. On the basis of the above observations, one may suggest that bile acids detoxify endotoxin within the gastrointestinal tract. We have named this protective process as „physio‑chemical host defence”. The basis of this defence mechanism is the detergent effect of bile acids. The virus of yellow fever and other athropod borne viruses (Flaviviridae‑family according to present taxonomy) are inactivated. We named this protection system, based on the surfactant (detergent) effect of bile acids „physico‑chemical host defence” (Bertók, 2002). Weaker or stronger endotoxemia due to bile deficiency may play a role in several forms of the disease, such as septic shock, renal insufficiency in patients with jaundice due to bile duct obstruction, intestinal ischemia, burn shock, radiation sickness, certain endocrine disorders, psoriasis, or the development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, bile acids can be effectively used to prevent or cure some of these diseases (kidney failure, psoriasis). All of the effects that damage the intestinal mucosa have been shown to reduce or prevent altogether the production of a peptide, cholecystokinin (CCK), in the absence of which the gallbladder cannot empty the bile into the gut and, in its partial absence, endotoxins produced by the disintegration of bacteria may be “absorbed” and reach the circulation causing endotoxemia, or – in more severe cases – shock. It can be concluded that „physico‑chemical host defence”, that based on the surface‑active property of bile acids is a general defence mechanism of the human body, which is not confined to bacterial endotoxins but refers to all the “agents” (such as some viruses) having lipoid (peplos) or lipoprotein structure on their surface. Therefore, we can add „physico‑chemical host defence” to the line‑up of general defence mechanisms of the human body, which trustees are bile acids, produced in the liver and taking part in the enterohepatic circulation.
- STRESS: The negative effects of stress on bile production and on bile secretion can be reduced by bile acidsF15. „Stress is a characteristic group of symptoms manifested by the body’s response to any harmful (physical or psychological) stimuli, especially in women with more sensitive nervous systems. By now, it has become clear and accepted that Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (adaptation syndrome) is equal to a largely extent, organized emergency response that often presents as a febrile illness in humans and higher animals, nowadays called acute phase reaction (APR). Syndrome induced by Gram negative endotoxin LPS is the best experimental model of the acute phase response, although it is not completely equivalent to stress reaction. According to all these facts, the role of CRP (C reactive protein) is an important part of the development of immune system. It cannot be ignored that stress is a major influence on the whole digestive system, so that on bile production and secretion too (the muscular valve controlling the flow of bile, the so called sphincter of Oddi, does not open) Disorders of bile production and secretion reduce or suspend one of the important protective mechanisms of the human body, the “physico chemical host defence” based on the surface active (detergent) effect of bile acids, without which the body will become exposed to the attack of some of the toxins in the gut (e.g. endotoxins) and to so called large viruses (such as the herpes family).
- Chenodeoxycholic Acid from Bile Inhibits Influenza A Virus Replication via Blocking Nuclear Export of Viral Ribonucleoprotein ComplexesF55 ABSTRACT: Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is still a major global threat for humans, especially for the risk groups: young children and the elderly. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), one of the main primary bile acids, is synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and classically functions in emulsification and absorption of dietary fats. Clinically, CDCA has been used in the treatment of patients with cholesterol gallstones for more than five decades. In this study, we showed that CDCA attenuated the replication of three subtypes of influenza A virus, including a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain. Mechanistically, CDCA effectively restrained the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes. In conclusion, as an endogenous physiological small molecule, CDCA can inhibit IAV replication in vitro, at least in part, by blocking vRNP nuclear export, and affords further studies for development as a potential antiviral agent against IAV infections.
- Natural small molecules as inhibitors of coronavirus lipid‑dependent attachment to host cells: a possible strategy for reducing SARS‑COV‑2 infectivity?F44 Viral infectivity depends on interactions between components of the host cell plasma membrane and the virus envelope. Methods and Results: We focus on the role of lipid structures, such as lipid rafts and cholesterol, involved in the process, mediated by endocytosis, by which viruses attach to and infect cells. Previous studies have shown that many naturally derived substances, such as cyclodextrin, sterols and bile acids, could reduce the infectivity of many types of viruses, including the coronavirus family, through interference with lipid‑dependent attachment to human host cells. Conclusion: Certain molecules prove able to reduce the infectivity of some coronaviruses, possibly by inhibiting viral lipid‑dependent attachment to host cells.
Can natural detergent properties of bile acids be used beneficially in tackling coronavirus disease‑19?
- The virus usually affects the respiratory tract, causing an illness that may range from mild affection to severe acute respiratory symptoms leading to death.
- The lipid layer in enveloped viruses is believed not only to protect its genome but also, help in its invasion into the cell. Also, these viruses are believed to be more sensitive to environmental stressors like high temperature (>70°C), extremes of pH, etc. Their nucleic acid, proteins and lipids are supposed to be held together by non‑covalent interactions that are broken by soap or detergent thus destroying the virus.
- While high concentrations of bile acids can cause lysis of the cell membrane, at lower doses, they have been found to facilitate delivery of drugs (Amphotericin B and Resveratrol) into the cells. Nowadays, cholic acid obtained from bovine source is used as a precursor for its synthesis.
- The following attributes may make bile acids suitable for SARS‑CoV‑2 targetingF54.
- First, the bile acids have been proposed to possess anti‑inflammatory properties that may prove beneficial in curbing the cytokine storm believed to be involved in the pathogenicity of the virus.
- Another study revealed that bile acids, when modified by intestinal bacteria, may help in regulating the Treg numbers by altering the relevant immune signalling pathways; Due to their amphiphilic nature, they are believed to act as ideal drug transporters.
- Studies have shown that bile acids can be used intranasally though in low concentration (<0.3%) to facilitate absorption of other drugs.
- Previous studies have shown that bile acids can incorporate themselves in between the membrane lipids thus altering their distribution and also the function of proteins attached to them.
- In our preliminary work on chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acid, the above bile acids were found to bind with receptor binding domain of S‑glycoprotein of SARS‑CoV‑2. This shows that bile acids have the potential to bind to SARS‑CoV
- Some authors have proposed that bile acids may have virus replication modulating properties particularly in the context of hepatotropic (Hepatitis) viruses. Whether or not the bile acids can strip SARS‑CoV‑2 of its envelope by targeting its lipoprotein components, thus, destroying it completely remains interesting (though wishful thinking as of now) arena to explore. A possible, although weak clue in favour of their protective role in SARS‑CoV‑2 infection may be that in the intestine the virus is less active due to the presence of bile acids.
- Thus, whether naturally acting detergents like bile acids/salts can help in stripping off the envelope of SARS‑CoV‑2 thereby disrupting its assembly is a million dollar question. Although a review of past literature and logical thinking throws light on their potential benefit, only time and an experimental proof will be able to provide definitive answers to the above.
- The Epstein‑Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma herpes virus, a member of the herpes virus familyF46, one of the most common viruses in humans.
- Most people get infected with EBV and obtain adaptive immunity. In the United States, about half of five-year old children and approximately 90% of the adult population have a proven infection history.G18
- It’s primarily known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (“mono” or “glandular fever”). It is also associated with various non-malignant, premalignant, and malignant Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases, such as Burkitt’s lymphoma, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma; non-lymphoid malignancies such as gastric cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; and conditions associated with the human immunodeficiency virus, such as hairy leukoplakia and central nervous system lymphomas. The virus is associated with childhood disorders caused by Alice in Wonderland syndrome, acute cerebellar ataxia and, according to some evidence, certain autoimmune diseases, particularly dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome and multiple sclerosis. EBV is thought to be responsible for approximately 200,000 cancer cases annually.F47 F48
- The outermost envelope of EBV is peplon (lipid, lipoprotein). The protein capsid (envelope) and the outer lipid envelope around it play a role in binding to the host cell (infection / replication), entering the cell, releasing the virion / virus genome within the cell, “assembling” the newly formed virus particles, and also in the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another. After binding, it enters the cell by virion / virus endocytosis and the fusion of its own lipid membrane and that of the host cell. The lipid layer contains the original proteins and carbohydrates of the cell, as well as the virus’s own proteins. The latter are essential for infectivity, but if the lipid envelope is broken down with alcohol or other fat-breaking substances (e.g.: bile acid), the virus becomes inactive.F50 F40
- Bile acids, due to their detergent effect, prevent EBV virions from binding to the host cells in the digestive and circulatory system thus preventing replication and also break down the already formed bonds.
- EBV infects the B cells of the immune system and epithelial cells. After the initial lytic infection by EBV occurs, a lifelong EBV latency remains in the person’s B cells (B lymphocytes are lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system).F49 F52 F53
- The epithelium is found on the surfaces of the body, internal organs, body cavities, and blood vessels. Pulmonary alveoli in the lung and renal tubules are also made up of epithelial tissue. The inner surface of the blood and lymphatics vessels are covered by specialized epithelium, the endothelium. With properly elevated bile acid levels in the body, bile acids come into direct contact with virions / viruses at the epithelial cells of the digestive and circulatory systems and are thus able to inactivate them.
- ABSTRACT: The liver bile acids transporter sodium taurocholate co‑transporting polypeptide (NTCP) is responsible for the majority of sodium‑dependent bile salts uptake by hepatocytes. NTCP also functions as a cellular receptor for viral entry of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) through a specific interaction between NTCP and the pre‑S1 domain of HBV large envelope protein. However, it remains unknown if these two functions of NTCP are independent or if they interfere with each other. Here we show that binding of the pre‑S1 domain to human NTCP blocks taurocholate uptake by the receptor; conversely, some bile acid substrates of NTCP inhibit HBV and HDV entry. Mutations of NTCP residues critical for bile salts binding severely impair viral infection by HDV and HBV; to a lesser extent, the residues important for sodium binding also inhibit viral infection. The mutation S267F, corresponding to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found in about 9% of the East Asian population, renders NTCP without either taurocholate transporting activity or the ability to support HBV or HDV infection in cell culture. These results demonstrate that molecular determinants critical for HBV and HDV entry overlap with that for bile salts uptake by NTCP, indicating that viral infection may interfere with the normal function of NTCP, and bile acids and their derivatives hold the potential for further development into antiviral drugs.
- Background: Combined pegylated interferon and ribavirin has improved chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) therapy; however, sustained virological response is achieved in only about half of the patients with a 1b genotype infection. We assessed oral ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on serum biomarkers as a possible treatment for interferon non‐responders.
- Conclusions: A 600 mg/day UDCA dose was optimal to decrease ALT and AST levels in CH‐C patients. The 900mg/day dose decreased GGT levels further and may be preferable in patients with prevailing biliary injuries.
- ABSTRACT: Bile acids are important physiological agents for intestinal nutrient absorption and biliary secretion of lipids, toxic metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids also are signalling molecules and metabolic regulators that activate nuclear receptors and G protein‑coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling to regulate hepatic lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis and maintain metabolic homeostasis. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids from the liver to intestine and back to the liver plays a central role in nutrient absorption and distribution, and metabolic regulation and homeostasis. Bile acid‑activated nuclear and GPCR signalling protects against inflammation in liver, intestine, and macrophages. Disorders in bile acid metabolism cause cholestatic liver diseases, dyslipidaemia, fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Bile acids, bile acid derivatives, and bile acid sequestrants are therapeutic agents for treating chronic liver diseases, obesity, and diabetes in humans.
- As he explained, 95 percent of the bile acid produced by the human body is reabsorbed from the small intestine and 5 percent is excreted. If the composition, microbiology or route of bile changes, it can lead to the development of serious diseases.
- The scientific article also identified about ten drug “points of attack” to which the development of drugs can restore the normal circulation and composition of bile acids. This can reduce the chances of developing the disease and the severity of the pre‑existing condition.
- A recent study describes a novel function of intracellular bile acids (BAs), a class of cholesterol‑derived metabolites, which activate several key innate antiviral signalling components through the TGR5‑β‑arrestin‑SRC pathway to potentiate antiviral immunity. This finding adds a new metabolic regulatory dimension of innate antiviral response and provides a new antiviral strategy by supplementing BAs.
- ABSTRACT: Enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol generates numerous distinct bile acids which function both as detergents that facilitate the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids and as hormones that activate five distinct receptors. Activation of these receptors alters gene expression in multiple tissues, leading to changes not only in bile acid metabolism but also in glucose homeostasis, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, energy expenditure, intestinal motility, bacterial growth, inflammation, and in the liver‑gut axis. This review focuses on the present knowledge regarding the physiologic and pathologic role of bile acids and their immunomodulatory role, with particular attention to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) and bile acid and immunological disorders. The specific role that bile acids play in the regulation of innate immunity, various systemic inflammations, inflammatory bowel diseases, allergy, psoriasis, cholestasis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, alcoholic liver disease, and colon cancer will be reviewed
Endotoxins are components of the Gram negative bacteria. They consist of a species specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) moiety as well as conservative lipid A, which is the toxic portion of the molecule.
- Millions of Gram‑negative bacteria live in mammals, which usually do not cause a health problem. In pathological cases, endotoxemia develops as a result of higher amounts of endotoxin entering the bloodstream, which can cause trauma and shock. This can happen when the bacterium is killed or starts to multiply, in which case the endotoxins are released from the bacterium and get into the body. Endotoxin (LPS) released by live or dead bacteria binds to the lipopolysaccharide‑binding protein (LPB) in the blood. The LPB‑LPS complex binds to macrophage CD14 receptors, a process that results in macrophage activation. Activated macrophages induce the formation of various molecules, primarily cytokines (e.g. IL‑1, IL‑6, TNF‑α, IFN‑g, etc.), which eventually enter the circulatory system and activate the immune system through various mechanisms. The body’s defence mechanism becomes overloaded due to an increase in the amount of endotoxin entering the bloodstream, the immune system “overreacts” to the danger, which can lead to tissue destruction, endotoxic shock, and ultimately death.
- Sepsis is a common and increased risk factor for such conditions. Sepsis is when, by overcoming the defence mechanism, pathogenic bacteria spread from a purulent nucleus at different points in the body and, together with the endotoxins, enter the bloodstream and lead to the development of symptoms of sepsis.
- All of the effects that damage the intestinal mucosa have been shown to reduce or prevent altogether the production of a peptide, cholecystokinin, in the absence of which the gallbladder cannot empty the bile into the intestine and, in its absence, endotoxins released from broken bacteria, and when introduced into the circulation, endotoxemia, in more severe cases, trigger shock. Under natural conditions, however, bile acids protect the body against endotoxins that are still present in the gut because they are broken down into non‑toxic parts.
- It has also been shown that this protection also protects all lipoid‑structured agents (such as enveloped large viruses). This system of protection based on the detergent effect of bile acids is physicochemical protection.
- Background: Current recommendations for the self‑management of SARS‑Cov‑2 disease (COVID‑19) include self‑isolation, rest, hydration, and the use of NSAID in case of high fever only. It is expected that many patients will add other symptomatic/adjuvant treatments, such as herbal medicines.
- Aims: To provide a benefits/risks assessment of selected herbal medicines traditionally indicated for “respiratory diseases” within the current frame of the COVID‑19 pandemic as an adjuvant treatment.
- Method: The plant selection was primarily based on species listed by the WHO and EMA, but some other herbal remedies were considered due to their widespread use in respiratory conditions. These were evaluated according to a modified PrOACT‑URL method with paracetamol, ibuprofen, and codeine as reference drugs. The benefits/risks balance of the treatments was classified as positive, promising, negative, and unknown.
- Results: A total of 39 herbal medicines were identified as very likely to appeal to the COVID‑19 patient. According to our method, the benefits/risks assessment of the herbal medicines was found to be positive in 5 cases (Althaea officinalis, Commiphora molmol, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix, and Sambucus nigra), promising in 12 cases (Allium sativum, Andrographis paniculata, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Eucalyptus globulus essential oil, Justicia pectoralis, Magnolia officinalis, Mikania glomerata, Pelargonium sidoides, Pimpinella anisum, Salix sp, Zingiber officinale), and unknown for the rest.
- Conclusions: Our work suggests that several herbal medicines have safety margins superior to those of reference drugs and enough levels of evidence to start a clinical discussion about their potential use as adjuvants in the treatment of early/mild common flu in otherwise healthy adults within the context of COVID‑19. While these herbal medicines will not cure or prevent the flu, they may both improve general patient well‑being and offer them an opportunity to personalize the therapeutic approaches.
Additional health suggestions about the effects of herbs and bile acids:
Protection against bacteria
The essential role of bile acids and herbs in protection against bacteria.
Bacterial and fungal infections
The beneficial effects of bile acids and herbs on various infections
Bacterial nosocomial infections
According to survey, millions of people get infected in hospitals every year
Supporting the immune system
The immune system is a set of cells, tissues and organs involved in the defence against potential infections
Supporting the intestinal tract
The essential role of bile acids and herbs in digestion
Antioxidant effect
In several chronic diseases the reduction of natural antioxidant protection has been observed
Antiviral and antibacterial effect
The anti-infective effects of the AntiBac(Vir), together with its prophylactic effects on several other diseases
Mitigating bacterial superinfections
Various respiratory viruses impair the defences of the airways
References:
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Identification of potential inhibitors of SARS‑CoV‑2 main protease and spike receptor from 10 important spices through structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamic study Download – PDF Abstract The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 poses a serious
B12 – The effects of allium sativum on immunity within the scope of COVID-19 infection
The effects of allium sativum on immunity within the scope of COVID-19 infection Download – PDF Abstract The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection is quite variable and the manifestations varies from asymptomatic disease to severe acute respiratory infection.
B2 – Antiviral potential of garlic (Allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data
Garlic (Allium sativum L.): a potential unique therapeutic food rich in organosulfur and flavonoid compounds to fight with COVID‑19 Download – PDF Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is the current major health crisis in the world. A successful strategy to
B21, C10 – COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy?
COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy? Download – PDF Introduction The outbreak of Coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan (China) in late 2019 and its Worldwide spread has caused hundreds of thousands
B6 – Garlic (Allium sativum L.): a potential unique flavonoid compounds to fight with COVID19
Garlic (Allium sativum L.): a potential unique therapeutic food rich in organosulfur and flavonoid compounds to fight with COVID‑19 Download – PDF Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the current major health crisis in the world. A successful strategy to
C15, E20 – Activity of phytochemical constituents of Curcuma longa and Andrographis paniculata against coronavirus (COVID-19)
Activity of phytochemical constituents of Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Andrographis paniculata against coronavirus (COVID-19): an in silico approach Download – PDF ABSTRACT: Background In early 2020, many scientists are rushing to discover novel drugs and vaccines against the coronavirus, and
C2 – Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: A Review of Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: A Review of Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology Download – PDF Conclusion The demand of AP is greatly increased in the past few years for its overwhelming therapeutic potentials. Available data on AP also
C3 – Andrographolide and its fluorescent derivative inhibit the main proteases of 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV through covalent linkage
Andrographolide and its fluorescent derivative inhibit the main proteases of 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV through covalent linkage Download – PDF ABSTRACT: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has been a crisis of global health, whereas
C6 – Broad-spectrum antiviral properties of andrographolide
Broad-spectrum antiviral properties of andrographolide Download – PDF ABSTRACT: Andrographolide, a diterpenoid, is known for its anti-inflammatory effects. It can be isolated from various plants of the genus Andrographis, commonly known as ‘creat’. This purified compound has been tested for
C7 – Fah Talai Jone proven effective in improving condition of COVID- 19 patients – DTAM
Fah Talai Jone proven effective in improving condition of COVID-19 patients – DTAM Download – PDF Abstract Extracts from the Fah Talai Jone (Andrographis Paniculata) medicinal plant have proven effective in improving the condition of those infected with COVID-19, after
E21 – Turmeric (Curcuma longa) attenuates food allergy symptoms by regulating type1/type2 helper T-cells (Th1/Th2) balance in a mouse model of food allergy
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) attenuates food allergy symptoms by regulating type1/type2 helper T-cells (Th1/Th2) balance in a mouse model of food allergy Download – PDF Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance: Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has traditionally been used to treat pain, fever, allergic and
E5 – Curcumin, a traditional spice component, can hold the promise against COVID-19
Curcumin, a traditional spice component, can hold the promise against COVID 19? Download – PDF ABSTRACT: The severity of the recent pandemic and the absence of any specific medication impelled the identification of existing drugs with potential in the treatment
F14 – The Role of Bile Acids in Natural Resistance: Physico-Chemical Host Defence
The Role of Bile Acids in Natural Resistance: Physico-Chemical Host Defence Download – PDF ABSTRACT: The toxic effects of endotoxin, the cell wall component-of Gram negative intestinal bacteria, under experimental conditions, can be induced only when they are administered.parenterally. However,
F15 – New Prospect for the Enhancement of Natural Immunity
New Prospect for the Enhancement of Natural Immunity Download – PDF ABSTRACT: It is well demonstrated that serial endotoxin injections produce endotoxin tolerance and elevate natural resistance. However, such injections may also*have-harmful effects such as high fever, hypotension and abortion.
F21 – Bile acids act as soluble host restriction factors limiting cytomegalovirus replication in hepatoytes
Bile acids act as soluble host restriction factors limiting cytomegalovirus replication in hepatoytes Download – PDF ABSTRACT: The liver constitutes a prime site of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication and latency. Hepatocytes produce, secrete, and recycle a chemically diverse set of bile
F23 – Viral Entry of Hepatitis B and D Viruses and Bile Salts Transportation
Viral Entry of Hepatitis B and D Viruses and Bile Salts Download – PDF Abstract The liver bile acids transporter sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is responsible for the majority of sodium-dependent bile salts uptake by hepatocytes. NTCP also functions
F25 – A large-scale, multicentre, double-blind trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with chronic hepatitis C
A large-scale, multicentre, double-blind trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with chronic hepatitis C Download – PDF Abstract Background: Combined pegylated interferon and ribavirin has improved chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) therapy; however, sustained virological response is achieved in only about
F28 – The Immunomodulatory Role of Bile Acids
The Immunomodulatory Role of Bile Acids Download – PDF ABSTRACT: Enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol generates numerous distinct bile acids which function both as detergents that facilitate the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids and as hormones that activate five distinct
F29 – Antiviral immunity: a link to bile acids
Antiviral immunity: a link to bile acids Download – PDF ABSTRACT: A recent study in Cell Research by Hu et al. describes a novel function of intracellular bile acids (BAs), a class of cholesterolderived metabolites, which activate several key innate
F30 – GUTS AND GALL: Bile acids in regulation of intestinal epithelial function in health and disease
GUTS AND GALL: Bile acids in regulation of intestinal epithelial function in health and disease Download – PDF Introduction Bile acids, classically known for their roles in facilitating the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids, are now also appreciated as
F33 – Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling
Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling Download – PDF ABSTRACT: Bile acids are important physiological agents for intestinal nutrient absorption and biliary secretion of lipids, toxic metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids also are signaling molecules and metabolic regulators that activate nuclear
F43 – Nomenclature and Significance of Innate/Natural Immune Mechanisms and of Species Specific Resistance
Nomenclature and Significance of Innate/Natural Immune Mechanisms and of Species Specific Resistance Download – PDF Abstract The immune system of higher animals comprised of two parts: Innate –or Natural – (INIM-NIM) and Adaptive Immunity (ADIM). Innate resistance includes physical barriers
F47 – Developing a vaccine for the Epstein-Barr Virus could prevent up to 200,000 cancers globally say experts
Developing a vaccine for the Epstein-Barr Virus could prevent up to 200,000 cancers globally say experts Download – PDF ABSTRACT: A vaccine to prevent infection with a common herpes virus, the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), could help prevent up to 200,000
F48 – Global and regional incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years for Epstein-Barr virus-attributable malignancies, 1990–2017
Global and regional incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years for Epstein-Barr virus-attributable malignancies, 1990–2017 Download – PDF Abstract This study provides comprehensive estimates of the burden of EBV-attributed BL, HL, NPC and GC. The overall burden of EBV-related malignancies is likely
F49 – Progress and Problems in Understanding and Managing Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
Progress and Problems in Understanding and Managing Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Download – PDF Introduction Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered in 1964 by electron microscopy of suspension cultures of African Burkitt lymphoma cells (51). Four years later, EBV was linked
F52 – Reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus from latency
Reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus from latency Download – PDF Abstract The general problem in cancer treatment centres on finding agents that specifically affect cancer cells without damaging normal cells. The differences between cancer cells and normal cells are usually very
F53 – Is EBV Persistence In Vivo a Model for B Cell Homeostasis?
Is EBV Persistence In Vivo a Model for B Cell Homeostasis? Download – PDF Summary We have measured the absolute numbers of EBV- infected B cells in the peripheral blood of healthy persistently infected individuals. Single measurements on a panel
F54 – Can natural detergent properties of bile acids be used beneficially in tackling coronavirus disease 19?
Can natural detergent properties of bile acids be used beneficially in tackling coronavirus disease 19? Download – PDF ABSTRACT: The coronavirus disease-19 is a pandemic caused by a beta coronavirus called SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus usually affects the respiratory tract,
